• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    This device makes it possible to measure the wear of a ball joint (2) comprising a first ring (4), which delimits a spherical housing, a second spherical ring (6), which is arranged concentrically in the housing of the first ring , and a gasket (8), which is made of an electrically insulating material and which is interposed between the second ring and the spherical housing of the first ring. This device is adapted to measure the wear of the lining and comprises at least two electrodes (42, 62) intended to be respectively connected to the first ring (4) and the second ring (6), or the lining (8). ), so as to form a capacitor structure (C) and means (12-22) for measuring the capacitance of the capacitor thus formed.
    公开号:FR3015684A1
    申请号:FR1363296
    申请日:2013-12-20
    公开日:2015-06-26
    发明作者:Yoann Hebrard
    申请人:SKF Aerospace France SAS；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] The invention relates to a device for measuring the wear of a ball joint, a ball joint incorporating this device and a method for measuring the wear of a ball, a ball joint incorporating this device. device and a method of measuring the wear of such a ball joint. The invention applies in particular to the ball joints used in the control mechanism of a helicopter. A helicopter comprises a main rotor and a tail rotor on which are articulated blades. By changing the incidence of the blades, the pilot can steer the helicopter in the desired direction. More specifically, the pilot actuates a handle which acts on a mechanism for controlling the incidence of the blades. This mechanism comprises an oscillating plate which is mounted on the rotor and which is connected to each of the rotor blades by connecting rods and levers. This swash plate can pivot about two directions perpendicular to the main axis of the rotor so as to cause the levers in rotation. A lever is connected to a connecting rod by a ball joint, which makes it possible to transmit the rotational movement and to modify the incidence of the blades. A ball comprises a first ring, for example cylindrical and a second spherical ring. The first ring comprises a spherical housing in which is disposed the second ring. The first ring is for example integral with a lever while the second ring is secured to a connecting rod. Between the outer ring and the inner ring is interposed a seal, or a bearing, which is a solid lubricant with very low friction torque. This lining makes it possible to keep the rings of the ball centered on the same point and limit the friction during the rotation of one ring relative to the other. However, after a certain number of flying hours, the ball joints wear out and a play is created between the outer ring and the inner ring. Thus, a relative displacement between the outer ring and the inner ring is possible, so that the ball no longer has the desired kinematics. In practice, this game involved in the kneecaps can make the helicopter out of control. The wear of the ball joints depends on the load conditions of the helicopter and the flight conditions. Thus, the hinges of the swash plate do not each have the same wear speed. It is therefore important to regularly measure the degree of wear of each ball joint of the helicopter control mechanism. Currently, this measurement is performed mechanically, that is to say that one ring of the outer ring and the inner ring of the ball joint is blocked while the other ring is subjected to a load. By measuring the relative displacement between the outer ring and the inner ring, it is possible to reduce the relative clearance between the rings of the ball and therefore, the wear of the latter. The problem with this method is that it requires complete disassembly of the swash plate. In addition, in view of the number of ball joints that includes a swash plate, the mechanical measurement of the wear of all the ball joints is particularly long so that the helicopter can be immobilized for several hours, or even days. It is these drawbacks that the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing a method making it possible to measure the wear of a ball more quickly, without dismantling the assembly in which the ball is integrated. For this purpose the invention relates to a device for measuring the wear of a ball joint comprising a first ring, which delimits a spherical housing, a second spherical ring, which is arranged concentrically in the housing of the first ring, and a gasket, which is made of an electrically insulating material and which is interposed between the second ring and the spherical housing of the first ring. This device is suitable for measuring the wear of the lining. According to the invention, the device comprises at least two electrodes designed to be respectively connected to the first ring and to the second ring, or to the lining, so as to form a capacitor structure and means for measuring the capacitance of the capacitor. capacitor thus formed. Thanks to the invention, the measurement of the degree of wear of the ball is to measure the capacitance of the capacitor formed by the two electrodes separated by the liner. In this way, the variation in the thickness of the lining induces a variation in capacitance of the capacitor. By comparing the capacitance of the measured capacitor with a predetermined value, for example equal to the capacity of the capacitor for a new ball joint, it is possible to locate the state of the ball in a life model. This model also takes into account the number of flying hours and can predict the number of flying hours remaining at the kneecap before it deteriorates.
    [0002] According to advantageous but non-compulsory aspects of the invention, a device for measuring the wear of a ball joint may incorporate one or more of the following features, taken in any technically permissible combination: the device further comprises a circuit electronics, which is a resonant oscillatory circuit comprising the capacitor, a resistor and a resistor arranged in series. The electronic circuit is a short-circuited line and the means for measuring capacitor capacitance include a reflectometer and an excitation module which are arranged on one side of the line. - The device comprises a radio-identification marker, adapted to communicate to a receiver the capacitance of the measured capacitor. The invention also relates to a ball joint, comprising a first ring, which delimits a spherical housing, a second spherical ring, which is arranged concentrically in the housing of the first ring, and a gasket, which is made of an electrically insulating material. and which is interposed between the second ring and the spherical housing of the first ring. According to the invention, the ball joint includes, in addition, a device for measuring the wear of the lining according to one of the preceding claims which is at least partly embedded on a fixed ring of the ball joint, chosen between the first ring and the second ring. The invention finally relates to a method of measuring the wear of a ball joint equipped or incorporating a measuring device as described above. This method comprises a step of measuring the capacitance of the capacitor formed in the ball joint. According to advantageous but non-obligatory aspects of the invention, a method of measuring the wear of a ball joint may incorporate one or more of the following characteristics, taken in any technically permissible combination: - The capacity of the capacitor is measured by exciting a resonant circuit with an electrical pulse, which is a wave whose frequency is equal to the resonant frequency of the electronic circuit for a predetermined capacitance value, for example equal to the capacity of the patella in the new state. - The variation of capacitance of the capacitor, in particular due to the wear of the ball joint, causes the change of the resonance frequency of the electronic circuit and the formation of a wave reflected at the end of the line, which is measured by a reflectometer. The capacity of the capacitor is deduced by making the ratio between the resonance frequency of the circuit for a predetermined capacitance value, for example equal to the capacitance of the patella in the new state, and the frequency of the reflected wave. - The capacitance value of the measured capacitor is transmitted to a receiver by radio. The invention and other advantages thereof will appear more clearly in the light of the following description of two embodiments of a method of measuring a ball joint according to its principle, with reference to the drawings in FIG. which: - Figure 1 is a half-sectional perspective view of a ball joint incorporating a wear measuring device according to the invention; - Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating a measuring method according to the invention; invention, which makes it possible to measure the wear of the ball joint of FIG. 1, this diagram including a cross-sectional view of the ball on plane II of FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a diagram similar to FIG. a second embodiment of a method for measuring the wear of the ball of FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 is a view on a larger scale of the circled IV, shown schematically, in FIG. 3 FIG. 1 shows a ball joint 2. This ball joint is particularly placed in a mechanism for controlling the movement of a helicopter. The mechanism comprises a swash plate, which is mounted on the rotor of the helicopter and which, via connecting rods connected to the rotor blades, to change the incidence of the blades. These rods are actuated by levers carried by the plate, the transmission of the rotational movement between a lever and a rod being effected by the ball 2. The ball 2 comprises a cylindrical outer ring 4 and a spherical inner ring 6. The ring 4 delimits a spherical housing 04 receiving the inner ring 6 and the center of the spherical housing 04 coincides with the center of the inner ring 6. A bearing, or lining 8 is interposed between the inner ring 6 and the outer ring 4 In general, the lining 8 is fixed to the inner radial surface of the outer ring 4, in particular by gluing. This liner 8 is a solid lubricant formed by a fabric of teflon fibers and glass, impregnated with resin. The lining 8 has a very low friction torque so as to limit the friction of the rings 4 and 6. It makes it possible to avoid any relative displacement between the outer ring 4 and the inner ring 6, that is to say that it maintains the inner ring 6 in the center of the spherical housing of the outer ring 4. In practice, the outer ring 4 and the inner ring 6 are each connected to a connecting rod, or a lever not shown in Figure 1.
    [0003] Thus, the inner ring 6 is provided with an opening 06 for passage of a rod not shown. In the example, a ring of the inner ring 6 and the outer ring 4 is fixed. Generally, the outer ring 4 is fixed and the inner ring 6 rotates inside the ring 4. The ball 2 wears out after a certain period of use more or less accentuated depending on the conditions of load to which it is subject. This wear is reflected in a relative displacement between the outer ring 4 and the inner ring 6, that is to say that the thickness of the lining 8 decreases in some places. In the case of a helicopter, it is therefore important to measure the degree of wear of each ball fitted to the control mechanism to prevent blade incidence defects.
    [0004] Indeed, such defects can make the helicopter uncontrollable for the pilot. A method of measuring the wear of the ball 2 is shown in Figure 2. As visible in this figure, the ball 2 is equipped with a wear measuring device. This device is an external device, that is to say it is removable and can be attached to a standard ball during the maintenance phase of the helicopter.
    [0005] This device comprises an electronic system which is mounted on the ball 2 and which comprises an electronic circuit 22. In the electronic circuit 22, the ball 2 can be modeled as a capacitor C. In fact, the gasket 8 is an electrical insulator disposed between two metal frames which, in the example, are formed by the outer ring 4 and the inner ring 6. This is possible because the inner ring 6 and the outer ring 4 are made of an electrically conductive material, including metal. In practice, an electrode 42 is connected to the outer ring 4 and another electrode 62 is connected to the inner ring 6. The two electrodes 42 and 62 are represented in FIG. 2 by rectangles disposed at the end of conducting wires. The two electrodes are either connected to sockets arranged on the rings 4 and 6, or attached directly to the rings 4 and 6, in particular by gluing. The advantage of using the rings 4 and 6 as reinforcements of the capacitor C is that one obtains the variation of the overall capacity of the lining 8. The lining 8 being insulating, there is no current flow between the outer ring 4 and the inner ring 6 but the capacitor C is crossed by an electric field, some current lines 100 are shown in Figure 2, between the two electrodes 42 and 62 for connection to the rings 4 and 6 of the ball joint 2 The circuit 22 also comprises an impedance, or coil L and a resistor R. The electronic circuit 22 in which the ball 2 is placed is thus a series RLC circuit which is a resonant circuit. Moreover, the circuit 22 is a short-circuited line, that is to say that one end of the line is connected to a source, here a reflectometer 14 while the other end T is a short circuit, that is, the termination T has zero impedance. The reflectometer 14 is coupled to an excitation module 16 which is used to deliver to the circuit 22 an electrical pulse, or alternating excitation voltage Ei. This variable excitation voltage Ei is in particular sinusoidal and is transmitted by a waveguide 12 to the circuit 22. In practice, the waveguide 12 is a coaxial cable. The reflectometer 14 is a measuring instrument, particularly used in telecommunications or electricity distribution networks to detect faults in electrical cables. For a new ball joint, the capacity of the capacitor C formed by the inner ring 6, the outer ring 4 and the insulator 8 is known, since it depends on the thickness of the gasket 8. Therefore, the resonance frequency of the Circuit 22 is also known. When the electronic circuit is subjected to a voltage whose frequency is equal to the resonance frequency, all the energy is dissipated in the resistor R, that is to say that the circuit is impedance matched. Thus, the reflectometer does not perceive energy reflected by the circuit 22. However, when the swivel wears, the thickness of the lining 8 decreases and the capacity of the capacitor C varies. As a result, the resonant frequency of the circuit also changes. Thus, when the electronic circuit 22 is biased with a pulse whose frequency is equal to the resonance frequency calculated for a new ball joint, all of the energy is not dissipated in the resistor R, it is that is, there is an Er part of the energy that is reflected at the end of the line. This energy, or electric wave Er returns through the waveguide 12 to the reflectometer 14 which is capable of reconstructing the received signal. In FIG. 2, the energy, or electric wave Er, is represented in broken lines because it exists only when the circuit 22 is not impedance-adapted, that is to say when the resonant frequency of the circuit differs from the resonance frequency of the patella in new condition. Thus, the reflectometer 14 can measure the frequency of the reflected wave. However, the ratio between the resonance frequency for a new ball joint and the frequency of the reflected wave Er is directly proportional to the capacity of the capacitor C. Therefore, the reflectometer 14 can deduce the capacity of the capacitor. Cleverly, the fact of positioning the capacitor C, the coil L and the resistor R on a short-circuited line makes it possible to test this line with a reflectometer, since the wave can be reflected at the end of the line if it is not not entirely dissipated. The capacitance value is communicated by radio waves to a receiver 20, as represented by the wave emission symbol in FIG. 2. For this, the patella 2 comprises a radio-identification marker 18. This radio-frequency marker identification 18 is a radio tag, which is integrated in the ball 2 and which comprises an antenna not shown. The receiver 20 is therefore a reader, that is to say a receiver base. On the other hand, the receiver 20 also transmits radio frequencies to activate the radio-identification marker 18. In effect, the receiver 20 supplies energy to the marker 18 so that the latter can operate. In this case, the receiver 20 functions as a transmitting base while the radio identification tag 18 functions as a receiving base. More specifically, the energy supplied to the marker 18 serves to generate the excitation pulse Ei of the circuit 22. Thus, the receiver 20 and the marker 18 communicate with each other, as represented by the double arrow. 2. In order to recover the capacity value of a ball joint, it is necessary to approach the receiver 20 of the ball joint to be at a good distance. In practice, this distance is between 2 m and 8 m. In addition, the marker 18 communicates the reference of the ball joint associated with the capacitive measurement. The variation of the capacity of the capacitor between the measured value and the known value of the patella in the new state makes it possible to deduce the variation in thickness of the lining 8 and therefore the degree of wear of the ball joint. In practice, the thickness of the lining 8 may vary from a thickness of 200 lm to a thickness of 50 .mu.m. The resulting capacity variation is of the order of ten picofarads, which is difficult to measure except by using a specific technique, such as reflectometry. By retrieving the maintenance data of each ball joint, it is possible to list the data of each ball joint in a database with a reference number, a degree of wear and a number of hours of flight. In this way, one can develop a life model for each patella, that is to say a model to predict approximately how many hours each patella can hold before starting to degrade. In variant not shown, similar to the first embodiment, the device for measuring the wear of the ball 2 is integrated with the ball joint. This device is embedded, in part or in whole, on the ball, for example at the fixed ring of the ball joint. In particular, the device may be integrated at a housing formed on the inner radial surface of the outer ring 4. Two electrodes are derived from this device and are respectively connected to the rings 4 and 6. The method of measuring the capacity of the capacitor is identical to the embodiment described above.
    [0006] FIGS. 3 and 4 show a second embodiment of a method for measuring the wear of the ball 2. In the rest of the description, the constituent elements of the ball or the device for measuring wear of the ball joint which are identical or which provide the same function bear the same references, while the additional elements or which operate differently with respect to the first embodiment carry other numerical references.
    [0007] In this second embodiment, the plates of the capacitor are not formed respectively by the inner and outer rings, but by two electrodes 82 and 84, which are housed in the lining 8, and between which a potential difference applies.
    [0008] More specifically, as can be seen in FIG. 4, the electrodes 82 and 84 are formed at the end of conductive wires threaded into the fabric web of the gasket 8. In FIG. 4, only the parts of the fabric in the vicinity of the electrodes 82 and 84 are shown, the rest of the liner being similarly formed. The conductive wires supporting the electrodes 82 and 84 come from a measuring device received in a housing 46 delimited on the inner radial surface of the outer ring 4. The device for measuring the capacitance of the capacitor is therefore embedded on the ball joint. in particular at the fixed ring, here considered as the outer ring 4. The son extend to components of a circuit 22 identical to that of Figure 2, as shown by dashed lines in Figure 4.
    [0009] Current lines 100 are then generated between the two electrodes 82 and 84 and the material space between the two electrodes forms the insulator of a capacitor C having the two electrodes as conductive plates. The measurement of the capacitance of this capacitor C reflects the localized wear of the gasket 8 at the location where the electrodes are placed. In practice, several unrepresented pairs of electrodes travel through the lining 8 to cover the entire circumference of the lining, which makes it possible to have an overall representation of the wear of the lining 8. This is called a mesh of the swivel . The number of electrode pairs used varies in particular as a function of the potential difference applied to the electrodes, the distance they are placed from one another and the insulating capacity of the lining 8. The measurement of the Capacitor capacitance C is effected by means of a device similar or identical to that of FIG. 2, with the difference that it is integrated in the fixed ring of the ball joint. As a variant, not shown, conductive son receiving etchings are drawn on the outer radial surface of the inner ring 6 and / or on the inner radial surface of the outer ring 4. These etchings may be of the film frame type, it is that is to say that they are fine engravings for the passage of conductive wires, as is done in printed circuits. The engravings are varnished with an insulating coating so as to isolate the conductive wires. These conductive wires carry electrodes which are immersed in the seal 8. An electric field is created between two electrodes, which generates current lines and it is possible to measure the capacitance of the capacitor formed by the two electrodes and the portion of material. separating the two electrodes. According to another design variant, conducting wires are integrated on the inner radial surface of the ring 4 and / or on the outer radial surface of the ring 6.
    [0010] These son are integrated in one or each ring by depositing carbon powder. This carbon deposit can be performed by any suitable technique. In particular, one technique is to use a specific mask. This mask hides certain portions of the ring during the surface treatment of the ring and leaves certain free areas to be treated. A passivation layer is first applied to the free zones, so as to electrically isolate the free zones of the ring. These free zones are in fact passing lines of the conductive son, for the integration of the electrodes in the liner. Once isolated, the free areas of the mask are subject to a carbon deposit, which is in particular carried out under a sealed gas enclosure. Conductive wires directly integrated into the ring are thus obtained, which are electrically isolated from the ring. As before, the conducting wires carry electrodes, which are immersed in the lining and on which a potential difference is applied. These electrodes form a capacitor with the lining, the capacity variation of which reflects wear. The measurement of the capacitance can be performed by the same type of device as in the embodiment of FIG. 2.
    [0011] In a variant not shown, means other than reflectometry may be used to measure the capacity of the capacitor. For example, it is possible to use a bridge circuit coupled to an amplification circuit, a microcontroller or an operational amplifier assembly alone. Alternatively not shown, it is possible to use several pairs of reinforcements within the ball joint, the armatures of each pair of armature being separated by the lining and measuring the variation of capacity in a particular area. The set of measurements is then averaged to obtain an overall representation of the wear of the patella. As a variant not shown, the ball 2 also incorporates noise reduction means at the capacitor capacitance value. These noise reduction means are for example a filter, used to smooth the curve of variation of the capacity. They may also include a temperature gauge, which is sensitive to sudden changes in the capacity of the capacitor, and therefore to noise.
    [0012] The features of the embodiments and alternatives contemplated above may be combined with one another to provide novel embodiments of the invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [0001]
    1. A device for measuring the wear of a ball joint (2) comprising: a first ring (4), which delimits a spherical housing (04), a second spherical ring (6), which is arranged concentrically in the housing of the first ring, and a lining (8), which is made of an electrically insulating material and which is interposed between the second ring and the spherical housing of the first ring, this device being adapted to measure the wear of the characterized in that it comprises: - at least two electrodes (42, 62; 82, 84) intended to be respectively connected to the first ring (4) and to the second ring (6), or to the packing (8), so as to form a capacitor structure (C), and - means (12-22) for measuring the capacitance of the capacitor thus formed.
    [0002]
    2.- Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it further comprises an electronic circuit (22), which is a resonant circuit comprising the capacitor (C), an inductor (L) and a resistor (R) arranged in series.
    [0003]
    3.- Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that: the electronic circuit (22) is a short-circuited line, the capacity measuring means of the capacitor (C) include a reflectometer (14) and a module of excitation (16) which are arranged on one side of the line.
    [0004]
    4.- Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a radio-identification marker (18), adapted to communicate to a receiver (20) the capacitance of the measured capacitor.
    [0005]
    5.- ball joint (2), comprising: a first ring (4), which delimits a spherical housing (04), a second spherical ring (6), which is arranged concentrically in the housing of the first ring, and a gasket 8), which is made of an electrically insulating material and is interposed between the second ring and the spherical housing of the first ring, characterized in that it further integrates a device (12-22, 42, 62 82, 84) for measuring the wear of the lining (8) according to one of the preceding claims which is at least partly embedded on a fixed ring of the ball (2), chosen between the first ring (4) and the second ring (6).
    [0006]
    6. Method for measuring the wear of a ball joint (2), equipped or incorporating a measuring device (12-22, 42, 62, 82, 84) according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises a step of measuring the capacitance of the capacitor (C) formed in the ball joint (2).
    [0007]
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the capacity of the capacitor is measured by exciting a resonant circuit (22) with an electric pulse (Ei), which is a wave whose frequency is equal to the resonance frequency of the circuit electronic for a predetermined capacity value, for example equal to the capacity of the ball in the new state.
    [0008]
    8.- Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the variation of capacitance of the capacitor, in particular due to the wear of the ball joint, causes the change of the resonance frequency of the electronic circuit (22) and the formation of a reflected wave (Er) at the end of the line, which is measured by a reflectometer (14).
    [0009]
    9.- Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the capacitance of the capacitor (C) is deduced by making the ratio between the resonant frequency of the circuit for a predetermined capacitance value, for example equal to the capacity of the patella to the new state, and the frequency of the reflected wave (Er).
    [0010]
    10.- Method according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the measuring device is in accordance with claim 4 and in that the value of the capacitance of the measured capacitor is transmitted to the receiver (20) by radio .
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    US10041529B2|2018-08-07|
    FR3015684B1|2017-03-03|
    US20150176638A1|2015-06-25|
    EP2886887B1|2020-04-22|
    EP2886887A1|2015-06-24|
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    法律状态:
    2015-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2016-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2017-12-26| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    2019-12-26| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 7 |
    2020-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 8 |
    2021-12-27| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 9 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1363296A|FR3015684B1|2013-12-20|2013-12-20|DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE WEAR OF A BALL, HEAD INTEGRATING THIS DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MEASURING THE WEAR OF SUCH A BALL|FR1363296A| FR3015684B1|2013-12-20|2013-12-20|DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE WEAR OF A BALL, HEAD INTEGRATING THIS DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MEASURING THE WEAR OF SUCH A BALL|
    US14/572,842| US10041529B2|2013-12-20|2014-12-17|Device for measuring the wear of a ball-and-socket joint, ball-and-socket joint incorporating said device and method for measuring the wear of such a ball-and-socket joint|
    EP14199107.5A| EP2886887B1|2013-12-20|2014-12-19|Ball-and-socket joint incorporating a device for measuring the wear and method for measuring the wear of such a ball-and-socket joint|
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